TS 320 
.N55 
Copy 1 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI BULLETIN 

VOLUME 21 NUMBER 4 



ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
SERIES 20 

ENERGY NECESSARY TO 

SHEAR STEEL AT HIGH 

TEMPERATURES 

by 

GUY D. NEWTON 

Associate Professor of Engineering Drawing 
and Machine Design 




ISSUED THREE TIMES MONTHLY; ENTERED AS SECOND-CEASS MAT- 
TER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT COLUMBIA, MISSOURI— 1,500 
FEBRUARY, 1920 



•■'■■■.>tgc»^l 



THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI BULLETIN 

VOLUME 21 NUMBER 4 

ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 
SERIES 20 

ENERGY NECESSARY TO 

SHEAR STEEL AT HIGH 

TEMPERATURES 



by 



GUY D. NEWTON 

Associate Professor of Engineering Drawing 
and Machine Design 




ISSUED THREE TIMES MONTHLY; ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MAT- 
TER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT COLLIMBIA, MISSOURI— 1,500 
FEBRUARY, 1920 



-rSS 



o 



«; •f »• 

JUM 30 1920 



7 ^// Q 



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^ 



Energy Necessary to Shear Steel 
at High Temperatures 



INTRODUCTION 

Experimental data concerning the resistance of metals at high 
temperatures are very limited. One reason for this doubtless is that 
special apparatus must be constructed to make the necessary tests, 
as ordinary testing machines operate too slowly to be used with ma- 
terials that must be manipulated at the high temperatures. But prob- 
ably a more significant reason lies in the fact that the practical use 
and application of such information is restricted to a special field, 
since designers usually have to deal with materials at atmospheric 
temperatures. In designing certain machines, however, such as 
shears and presses for working hot steel, it is important to know the 
shearing resistance of the metal dealt with at the working tempera- . 
tures. It was in the hope of gaining some information on this sub- 
ject that the tests herein reported were undertaken. 

The experimental shear was first constructed with rotary blades 
designed to cut stock ranging up to three inches in diameter. How- 
ever, after a number of tests were made with this design, the rotary 
blades were replaced by an attachment which converted the machine 
into a straight shear. By this means it becomes possible to make a 
comparison of the power required by the two methods of shearing. 

While the results are admittedly mcomplete and somewhat erra- 
tic due to imperfections in the apparatus, it is hoped that they may 
prove of some interest to designers of this type of machinery and that 
others may be encouraged to inaugurate further tests in this field. 

APPARATUS 

The Rotary Shear. — The shear as shown by Figs. 1 and 2 con- 
sists of a heavy fly-wheel mounted on a shaft with suitable bearings, 
and connected by intermediate gears to two parallel shafts which 
carry the rotary blades. The speed of the fly-wheel, which is twenty 
times that of the blades, is recorded by means of a Schaeffer and 
Budenberg stroke counter operated by a lever which engages a pro- 
truding key on the intermediate shaft. The stroke counter may be 
seen at the point d. Fig. 1. As the intermediate shaft revolves only 
one-fifth as fast as the fly-wheel, it is necessary to multiply the 



4 Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 

counter readings by 5 to get the speed of the fly-wheel. This ar- 
rangement was found necessary as the stroke counter would not 
record accurately at the fly-wheel speed. 




Fig. 1 



The piece to he sheared is caught between the blades as shown 
in Fig. ?>. These blades are so shaped that each makes a spiral- 
shaped cut from the stock as it is revolved between them. In order 
that the blades should not burn off they were made rather blunt, and 
as it is necessary that they should be exactly in line with each other 
it will he seen that the action is not strictly a shear in the ordinary 
sense of this term, but that the blades really crush their way thru the 
metal. It is believed, however, that the energy required in this ac- 
tion is not widely difl^erent from the energy required for actual shear- 
ing except as it develops a tensile stress in the specimen. 

For holding the stock in position between the blades a special 
steel plate, shown at c, Fig. 1, was provided. This plate has holes at 
the ends made to fit over the ends of the blade shafts, and a third 
hole of suitable size at the center thru which the stock is inserted. 

The shear is driven by means of a belt from a line shaft to a 



Energy Necessary to Shear Steee 




-cr 



6 Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 

clutch pulley on the fly-wheel shaft. The energy for shearing the 
specimen is supplied by that left in the fly-wheel after the clutch is 
thrown out. By counting the revolutions of the fly-wheel from the 
time the clutch is thrown out until it comes to rest, and making due 
allowance for friction, the energy necessary to shear the specimen 
is determined. 




FiG. 3. Rotary Blades. 



The Straight Shear. — The straight shear attachment, as shown 
in Fig. 4 is driven by one only of the rotary blade shafts. The at- 
tachment consists of a stationary blade (A) and a reciprocating blade 
(B) which is operated by the eccentric (C). Two cast iron guide 
blocks (D) hold the blades in their proper positions and these guide 
blocks are bolted througli and held by two steel plates (E) which are 
threaded over the driving shaft on either side of the eccentric. The 
outside plate (E) is not shown in the figure. 

Furnace. — The metal was heated in a gas fired furnace made by 
the Denver Fire Clay Company. 

Pyrometer. — The temperatures were taken with a Hoskins Ther- 
mo-Eiectric Pyrometer, used as shown in Fig. 5 the end of the couple 
being inserted to the mid-point of the specimen thru a hole just 
large enough to receive it freely. This arrangement was decided upon 
after other schemes had been tried and it is believed that it resulted 
in giving very nearly the true temperatures of the steel. 



Energy Necessary to Shear Steel . 7 

METHOD OF CONDUCTING TEST 

A piece of steel exactly the same dimen.^ions as the piece to be 
sheared, with the pyrometer attached as in Fig. 5, is placed in the 
furnace. When the desired temperature is reached the sample is 
withdrawn and the temperature read every 10 seconds during the 
cooling process. By repeating this operation several times it became 




Fig. 4- Straight Shear Attachment 



possible to plot a curve of temperatures related to time (Fig. 10) by 
ineans of which the temperature of the sample at intervals during the 
time of shearing might be approximately known. 

After these temperature tests, the sample is again placed in the 
furnace, together with the duplicate piece to be sheared. While the 
specimens are being heated, the shear apparatus is started and its 



8 . Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 

friction deteniiined. This is done by tlirowing off the power after 
the fly-wheel has attained a known speed, and allowing it to come to 
rest without interference. The friction of the whole apparatus in 
foot pounds per revolution is the kinetic energy in the fly-wheel at 
the initial speed, divided by the number of revolutions it makes 
after the clutch is thrown out. 

When the specimens are at the desired temperature, the shear is 
again started. After the fly-wheel speed has been recorded, the 
clutch is thrown out and the specimen withdrawn from the furnace 




Fig. 5 

and inserted in the shear. The p'yrometer reading at the time the 
steel leaves the furnace, the time required to withdraw the specimen 
and place it in the shear, and the number of revolutions it makes 
before coming to a stop are recorded. 

RESULTS 

The original records and computed results of each series of tests 
are arranged in Tables I to V. 

Column 1 gives the test number. Two series of tests were made, 
the first numbered from 1 to 25 and the second from 1 to 110. 

In column 3 the speeds of the fly-wheel are given. These are 
the initial speeds of the wheel at the time the power was thrown off. 



Energy Necessary to Shear Steel 9 

In column 3 are recorded the kinetic energies of the fly-wheel at 
the initial speeds recorded in column 2. These figures give us there- 
fore, the energy available for overcoming the friction of the machine 
and for shearing the specimen. These values were computed as 
follows: — 

K. E. = ^ I w2. 

Where w = the angular velocity of the wheel in radians per 
second. 

I ^ its moment of inertia, W/g k- = 217.875 (units, foot and 
pound). 

W := the weight of the wheel in pounds. 

g = the acceleration due to gravity := 32.2 (units, foot and 
second). 

This value for 1 was determined by taking the average of sev- 
eral independent computations. 

In column 4 are recorded the number of revolutions made by the 
fly-wheel after the power was thrown ofT. 

The figures in column 3 give the energy in foot pounds consumed 
by friction during each revolution of the fly-wheel. The friction of 
the shear varied considerably, especially during the first series of 
tests when the machine was new. For this reason friction tests 
were made frequently, usually before and after each shearing test. 
It was found that oiling the machine regularly was very effective in 
keeping the friction within a narrow range of variation. 

The total friction required to stop, column 6, is the product of 
the friction per revolution (col. 5), into the number of revolutions 
recorded in column 4. This gives the energy, in foot pounds, con- 
sumed by friction while the shear was coming to rest. 

The shearing energy, column 7 is the difference between the total 
available energy in the fly-wheel, (col. 3) and the energy consumed 
by friction (col. 6). This therefore is the total energy expressed in 
foot pounds required to overcome the resistance of the metal to 
shear. 

Column 8 gives the areas in square inches of steel sheared. It 
will be seen that the smaller specimens were sometimes cut two or 
more times during the same test. 

Column 9 gives the shearing energy in foot pounds per square inch. 
This is equal to the total shearing energy from column 7, divided by 
the area sheared. 

Colunm 10 gives the temperature of the specimen at the time of 
shearing. These figures were found by subtracting the fall in tem- 
perature during the time the specimen had been out of the furnace, 
as shown by the temperature curves, from its temperature at the 
furnace. In cases where two or more cuts were made the average 



10 



Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 



time was used. Temperature curves for several sizes of steel are 
shown in Fig. 10. 

Column 11 gives the dimensions of the specimens sheared. 

In tables I and II the results of tests with the rotary shear are 
tabulated. Table I gives the results with several sizes of cold rolled 
steel shafting; Table II, the results with 1J4" chrome vanadium steel. 
As a comparison of the strengths of these two grades of steel, the 
shearing energies required from Tables I and II are plotted against 
temperatures in Fig. 6. 



^ wwww. — — — — 




er curi/e 3ho\/\/s resulis 
Chrome-l/anadium >3t._ 
er curi/e shotA^'S results 
C R Steel Shafting. 


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fOOO i£00. I40O 16 OO. I8O0. 

Temperature Degrees Fbhr. 
Fig. 6 Results with the Rotary Shear. 



2000. 



Tables III, IV and V show the results obtained by shearing- 
various specimens of steel with the straight shear. 

The curves in Fig. 7 were plotted from data in Tables II and III. 
As the test specimens in both cases were 1^" chrome vanadium steel,, 
the curves allow a comparison of the energy required by the two 
styles of shear to cut the same material. 

As would be expected from the shape of its blades, the rotary 
shear required much more energy. The action is in fact more nearly 
a double shear. 

Fig. 8 shows the energy required in straight shear to cut Illinois 
Steel Company's medium grade test specimens. The data are from 
Table IV. 

Fig. 9 shows the power required to cut two grades of steel in 



Energy Necessary to Shear Steei. 



11 



straight shear. One of these specimens was a rather high carbon 
steel bar 1" x IJ/^", while the others were very soft steel in bars 
about Vz X 2" cut flatwise. The data are from Table V. 

Fig. 10 shows the drop in temperature for various specimens at 
half-minute time intervals. 



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Temperature 



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Degrees Fahr. 

Fig 7. A Comparison of I4 Chrome-Vanaoium 
Steel with F?otaf?y and Straight Shears. 



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Temperature. -Degrees Fahr. 

Fig 6. Med. Grade Ilu.St Co. Test Specimen. 



12 



Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 




lOOO 



1200. I400. IdOO. I800. 

Tempera\orQ ' Deqrees Fahr. 

Re. 9. A Comparison of Two Specimens. 



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Fie. 10. Tempepature Curved for C.R. Shafting. 



Energy Necessary to Shear Steel 13 

CONCLUDING REMARKS 

Tlie shearing energies could have been represented fairly well by 
straight lines within the range of temperatures thru which it had 
been possible to work. The points indicate, however, that a slight 
curve as shown is more nearly correct. The curves should probably 
meet the zero line at the melting temperature, and become more 
nearly horizontal as atmospheric temperatures are approached. 

The greatest source of error was doubtless due to difficulties in 
determining the friction of the machine, as an error of a few pounds 
in the friction for each revolution would make a considerable dif- 
ference in the results. This is especially true when the fly-wheel 
makes a large number of revolutions in coming to rest. By making 
frequent friction tests an attempt was made to reduce the error from 
this cause as much as possible. 

In shearing specimens of small diameter with the rotary shear 
it was difficult to make some of the specimens revolve while the 
cutting was in process. This practical trouble caused the rejection 
of a number of tests, as in these cases the piece was not completely 
cut off. 

The exact composition of these specimens was not known. At 
the time this work was carried on, it was practically impossible to 
purchase special steel, and these specimens were from ordinary stock. 

The shearing strength has not been referred to because it is im- 
possible to formulate an expression for the shearing strength in terms 
of the energy reciuired that will hold true for all temperatures and 
all grades of steel. 

The energy required to shear hot steel is usually assumed to 
equal the product of the shearing strength in pounds per square inch, 
times the area in square inches, times the stroke in feet, the result 
being in foot pounds. The stroke in these experiments is of course 
equal to the thickness of the metal sheared. But the foregoing ex- 
pression for the energy is manifestlj' not true, because the resistance 
which the blade encounters is not constant, but decreases as the 
stroke proceeds. For very hot metal the resistance at any point in 
the stroke is approximately equal to the product of the shearing 
strength multiplied by the area yet to be sheared. It is also true that 
the working stroke is never equal to the thickness of the metal 
sheared, except when the steel is very hot, as rupture takes place 
usually before the stroke is completed. The cooler the metal, the 
earlier in the stroke will rupture take place. It is probable also that 
the point of rupture will vary with different grades of steel even at 
the same temperatures. 



14 



Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 



TABLE I. 
C. R. Steel Shafting With Rotary Shear. 
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 



11. 



K 



^1 I. 






^t/i 



£tH 



c o 



^E 



^ cQ 



9 

10 
31 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
22 
23 
24 



116 
119 
120 
120 
115 
118 
119 
119 
115 
118 
116 
115 
117 
112 
113 
114 
114 
118 
115 
118 
117 



16080 
16910 
17200 
17200 
15800 
16640 
16910 
16910 
15800 
16640 
16080 
15800 
16350 
14980 
15285 
15512 
15512 
16640 
15800 
16640 
16350 



267 


38.0 


303 


'• 


197 


" 


156 


" 


90 


48.0 


187 


54.1 


256 


45.5 


296 


" 


273 


39.0 


264 


'■ 


325 


35.7 


305 




309 


" 


223 


36.7 


354 


30.8 


297 




286 


" 


395 


27.6 


225 


28.1 


240 




234 


" 



10140 

11500 

7490 

5490 

4340 

10120 

11630 

13460 

10650 

10300 

11600 

10880 

11040 

8170 

10910 

9150 

8800 

10900 

6325 

6750 

6580 



5940 


3.25 


1827 


1760 


IV.. 


5410 


" 


1665 


17(.5 




9710 


4.87 


1990 


1540 




11260 




2370 


1455 




11460 




2350 


1545 




6520 


3.14 


2075 


1798 


2 ] 


5280 




1682 


1800 




3450 




1098 


1945 




5150 




1640 


1695 




6340 




2010 


1625 




4480 




1427 


1885 




4920 




1565 


1885 




5310 




1690 


1905 




(>810 




2170 


1636 




4375 




1394 


1853 




6362 




2013 


1685 




6712 




2140 


1668 




5740 




1825 


1723 




9475 


4.90 


1932 


1846 


2 ' .'. 


9890 




2021 


17o5 




9770 




1992 


180(. 





D. 



TABLE IL 

Chrome-Vanadium Steel With Rotary 



Shear. 



4 

6 

10 
11 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 



15800 
15800 
15800 
15800 
16080 
li)()40 
16350 
1(.640 
16910 
1(.910 
l(i350 
16350 
16640 
16350 
16910 
16910 
16910 
16640 
16910 



253 


38.3 


249 


" 


205 


" 


325 


35.4 


338 


36.4 


384 


" 


310 


" 


270 


38.8 


309 




288 


'• 


285 




365 


34.0 


361 


34.6 


350 




404 




359 




353 


" 


325 




353 





9680 
9540 
7860 
11505 
12303 
13977 
11284 
10746 
11989 
1 1 1 SO 
11060 
12410 
12500 
12110 
13980 
12430 
12214 
11245 
10760 



6120 


2.45 


2500 


16o0 


II4 


6260 


'• 


2555 


1690 




7940 




3220 


1530 




4295 


1.227 


3500 


1710 




3777 




3080 


1450 




2663 




2170 


1820 




5066 




4125 


1430 




6164 




5025 


1200 




4921 




4010 


1230 




5730 




4670 


1220 




5290 




4315 


1215 




3940 




3210 


1570 




4140 




3375 


1520 




4240 




3450 


1625 




2930 




2390 


1735 




4480 


'■ 


3650 


1685 




4696 




3812 


1385 




5395 




4400 


1240 




6150 


" 


5010 


1080 





Energy Necessary to Shear Steel 



15 



TABLE III. 
Chrome-\'anai)ium Steel ix Straight Shear. 
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. • 9. 10. 



11. 



•- ■^■r.% 



24 


117 


16350 


345 


40.3 


13900 


2450 


2.454 


998 


1860 


11.4 D. 


25 


117 


16350 


270 


40.3 


10880 


5470 


3.1.81 


1485 


1765 




29 


120 


17200 


270 


34.0 


9180 


8020 


3.081 


2175 


1575 




30 


117 


16350 


443 


30.0 


13290 


3060 


1.227 


2490 


1460 




32 


118 


16(40 


458 


30.0 


13750 


2890 




2355 


1575 




34 


118 


16640 


489 


29.0 


14200 


2440 




1975 


1650 




35 


119 


16910 


490 


29.0 


14220 


2c,yo 


" 


2190 


1590 




36 


120 


17200 


500 


29.0 


14500 


2700 




2200 


1475 




Zl 


120 


17200 


489 


29.0 


14200 


3000 


'• 


2445 


1400 




38 


120 


17200 


517 


28.0 


14500 


2700 




2200 


1370 




39 


120 


17200 


517 


28.0 


14500 


2700 


'■ 


2200 


1405 




40 


119 


16900 


500 


30.7 


15350 


1560 


" 


1272 


1890 




41 


120 


17200 


535 


'• 


16410 


790 


'• 


644 


1815 




43 


120 


1 7200 


536 


" 


16475 


725 




590 


1925 




44 


120 


17200 


52i) 




16300 


900 




734 


1920 




47 


120 


17200 


462 




14175 


3025 




2460 


1355 


" 


48 


121 


17490 


464 




14250 


2920 




2380 


1315 




49 


121 


17490 


4 84 




14850 


2290 




1865 


1350 




50 


121 


17490 


480 




14740 


2410 




19o5 


1405 




52 


118 


16640 


23 S 


30.0 


7140 


9550 


3. '.SI 


2580 


1425 




ii 


11714 


16480 


320 




9(,00 


6880 




1870 


1555 




54 


121 


17490 


408 




12250 


5240 




1425 


1735 




55 


121% 


17670 


415 




12440 


5230 




1420 


1780 




56 


122 


17780 


468 




14040 


3740 




1015 


1785 




57 


121 


17490 


482 




14440 


3050 




827 


1815 




58 


122 


17780 


476 


28.7 


13650 


4130 




1122 


1770 


•• 


59 


1211/0 


17670 


420 




12050 


5620 




1525 


1590 




60 


125 


18640 


390 




11200 


7440 




2020 


1460 


'• 


<A 


125 


18640 


330 




9475 


9165 


'■ 


2490 


1265 




62 


125 


18O40 


zr^ 




9620 


9020 


" 


2450 


1265 


>• 


63 


1221/. 


17880 


282 




8080 


9800 


" 


2660 


1215 




64 


1241/2 


18500 


297 




8525 


9975 




2710 


1232 


'• 


65 


124 


18350 


240 




6880 


11470 




3110 


1220 


>> 


66 


124 


1S350 


255 




7320 


11030 




3000 


12.30 


'• 


67 


123 


ISO 74 


187 


31.0 


5840 


12234 




3320 


1210 


•• 


68 


122 


17780 


140 


32.0 


4480 


13300 


" 


3610 


1175 





16 



Engineering Experiment Station Series 20 



TABLE IV. 
III. St. Co.'s Med. Gr.\de Test Spec, in Straight Shear. 
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 






w-= 



c5 



2 f^ 

I- V 



?^ dm 



c o 



■c S ^ Ji li 






69 


118 


16640 


501 


26.0 


13000 


3640 


4.1 


888 


1725 


'7i,;^-Vi. 


70 


120 


17200 


554 




14400 


2800 


3.46 


811) 


1820 


'7i.-^M/2 


71 


120 


17200 


516 




13400 


3800 


4.23 


877 


1745 




72 


120 


17200 


510 




13250 


3950 


4,23 


935 


17(.5 


" 


7.^ 


12111; 


17670 


586 




15220 


2450 


2.05 


1195 


1785 


"V..-^^V« 


74 


11 1;, 


17050 


445 




11570 


5 4 SO ■ 


3.75 


1460 


1590 


1x21/4 


76 


120 


17200 


457 




11880 


5320 


3.00 


1770 


1380 


1.x 11/2 


77 


120 


17200 


452 




11750 


5450 


3.00 


1830 


1350 


" 


78 


120 


17200 


577 


" 


15000 


2200 


1.50 


1465 


1365 


" 


79 


120 


17200 


586 


" 


15200 


2000 


1.50 


1332 


1270 


" 


80 


120 


17200 


534 




139(10 


3300 


1.50 


2200 


1175 


" 


81 


119 


16910 


325 




8450 


8460 


3.00 


2800 


1205 


" 


82 


120 


17200 


300 




7800 


9400 


4.50 


2090 


1250 


1 y^2Vi 



TABLE V. 

Miscellaneous Specimens in Straight Shear. 



S3 


118 


16640 


4'fO 


30. 


14700 


1940 


2.9 


(.69 


1510 


14x2.1 


84 


119 


16910 


518 


29. 


15050 


IS'.O 


■4.0 


465 


1570 


" 


85 


119 


16910 


532 




15420 


1490 


5.25 


284 


1618 


" 


86 


116 


16080 


491 




14200 


1880 


5.25 


358 


1625 


" 


87 


118 


16640 


509 




14770 


1870 


5.25 


356 


1665 


" 


88 


119.5 


17050 


509 




14770 


2280 


6.30 


362 


1660 


" 


89 


119. 


16910 


400 




11600 


5310 


4.50 


1 1 80 


1745 


1x1.5 


90 


119 


16910 


358 




103 SO 


(i530 


4.50 


1450 


1650 




92 


120 


17200 


410 




11900 


5300 


0.00 


884 


1430 


i/>x2. 


93 


120 


17200 


338 




9800 


7400 


4.50 


1645 


1545 


1x1.5 


94 


120 


17200 


320 




9280 


7920 


4.50 


1760 


1508 


" 


95 


120 


17200 


388 




11250 


5950 


6.00 


993 


1405 


1/2x2 


96 


119.5 


17050 


382 




11080 


5970 


3.00 


1987 


1390 


1x1.5 


97 


120.5 


17380 


427 




12370 


5010 


4.00 


1255 


1295 


1/2x2 


98 


'21. 


17490 


385 




11150 


6340 


3.00 


2150 


1280 


1x1.5 


99 


120 


17200 


328 




9500 


7700 


3.00 


2570 


1245 


" 


100 


120 


17200 


322 




9350 


7850 


3.00 


2620 


1235 


" 


101 


12i\ 


17200 


394 




11425 


5775 


4.00 


1445 


1160 


1/2x2 


102 


119.5 


17050 


391 




11340 


5910 


4.20 


1420 


1165 


1/2x2.1 


103 


119.5 


17050 


392 




11370 


5680 


4.20 


1355 


1160 




104 


117.5 


16480 


450 


27 . 


12140 


4340 


3.0 


1450 


1600 


1x1.5 


105 


117. 


16350 


368 




10420 


5930 


" 


1975 


1385 


" 


106 


117.5 


16480 


350 




9450 


7030 


" 


2345 


1255 


" 


107 


119. 


16910 


336 




9070 


7840 


" 


2610 


1155 


" 


108 


118.5 


16810 


294 




7940 


8870 


" 


2950 


1070 


" 


109 


119 


16910 


390 




10500 


6410 




2135 


1145 


" 


110 


117.5 


16480 


375 




10100 


6380 


•' 


2130 


1225 


'• 


111 


117.5 


16480 


316 




8540 


7940 


•' 


2645 


1100 


" 



THE 
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI BULLETIN 

ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION SERIES 

EDITED BY 

E. J. McCAUSTLAND 

Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Director of the Engineering 

Experiment Station 

Some Experiments in the Storage of Coal, by E. A. Fessenden and J. R. 
Wharton. (Published in 1908, previous to the establishment of the 
Experiment Station.) 

Vol. 1, No. 1. — Acetylene for Lighting Country Homes, by J. D. Bowles, 
March, 1910. ' 

Vol. 1. No. 2. — Water Supply for Country Homes, by K. A. McVey, 
June, 1^10. 

Vol. 1, No. 3. — Sanitation and Sewage Disposal for Country Homes, by 
W. C. Davidson, September, 1910. 

Vol. 2, No. 1. — Heating Value and Proximate Analyses of Missouri 
Coals, by C. W. Marx and Paul Schweitzer. (Reprint of report 
published previous to establishment of Experiment Station.) 
March, 1911. 

Vol. 2, No. 2. — Friction and Lubrication Testing Apparatus, by Alan E. 
Flowers, June, 1911. 

Vol. 2, No. 3. — An Investigation of the Road Making Properties of Mis- 
souri Stone and Gravel, by W. S. Williams and R. Warren Roberts. 

Vol. 3, No. 1. — The Use of Metal Conductors to Protect Buildings from 
Lightning, by E. W. Kellogg. 

Vol. 3, No. 2.— Firing Tests of Missouri Coal, by H. N. Sharp. 

Vol. 3, No. 3. — A Report of Steam Boiler Trials under Operating Condi- 
tions, by A. L. Westcott. 

Vol. 4, No. 1. — Economics of Rural Distribution of Electric Power, by 
L. E. Hildebrand. 

Vol. 4, No. 2.— Comparative Tests of Cylinder Oils, by M. P. Weinbach. 

Vol. 4, No. 3. — Artesian Waters in Missouri, by A. W. McCoy. 

Vol. 4, No. 4.— Friction Tests of Lubricating Oils and Greases, by A. L. 
Westcott. 

No. 14.— Effects of Heat on Missouri Granites, by W. A. Tarr and L. 
M. Neuman. 

No. 15.— A Preliminary Study Relating to the Water Resources of Mis- 
souri, by T. J. Rodhouse. 

No. 16. — The Economics of Electric Cooking, by P. W. Gumaer. 

No. 17.— Earth Roads and the Oihng of Roads, by H. A. LaRue. 

No. 18.— Heat Transmission Thru Boiler Tubes, by E. A. Fessenden and 
J. W. Haney. 

No. 19. — Geology of Missouri, by E. B. Branson. 



The University of Missouri Bulletin— issued three times monthly; en- 
tered as second class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Missouri— 1,500 



LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 



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